S-Phenylglycine
In Fig. 1 we present two mass spectra of S-phenylglycine, the first of a freshly prepared solution in 70% aqueous ethanol and the second of an analogous sample after a one-year storage period. Both spectra were recorded for the total samples, i.e., without any preliminary separation by LC-MS.
Considered as fingerprints, the two mass spectra shown in Fig. 1 are quite different. It is evident that fragmentation of the aged sample (Fig. 1b) results in a much richer pattern than that of the freshly prepared one (Fig. 1a). The aged sample apparently contains a wider variety of species. In the fresh sample, the predominant ion appears at m/z 304, which can be ascribed to the [Phg2 + He]+ cation (where Phg2 represents the cyclic associative dimer composed of two phenylglycine molecules coupled by a pair of hydrogen bonds), whereas in the aged sample the same cation makes a relatively small contribution to the recorded fingerprint. The disappearance of this cation supports the notion that the aged sample contains new species originating from S-phenylglycine. We note that a second cation (at m/z = 289) appears in both spectra. This signal can be attributed to [Phg2 - NH + He]+, and in the aged sample it apparently predominates. As this ion, which also seems to be associated with the phenylglycine dimer, still predominates in the sample stored for one year, we conclude that structural transformation due to aging consumes a relatively small portion of the starting material.
The aging of S-phenylglycine dissolved in 70% aqueous ethanol is also mirrored in the respective chromatograms. Based on the results of biuret test [16], it seems that oligopeptides are the most probable outcome of this process. We compare the chromatograms of the freshly prepared S-phenylglycine solution with those stored for nine days and for one year (Fig. 2a-c).
In the HPLC experiment, we employ a non-chiral chromatographic system and focus on monitoring the appearance and/or concentration changes of species that evolve during the S-phenylglycine aging process. Peaks 1 and 2, which are present in all the samples, with retention times, t
R
, of 5.2 and 5.4 min, respectively, can probably be attributed to phenylglycine in two different associative forms. We make this assertion because a) the two peaks appear at similar retention times, suggesting similar chemical properties; b) they predominate in the freshly prepared sample; and c) their intensities decrease with time. The mass spectrometric evidence of two species apparently derived from phenylglycine at m/z 289 and 304, which we ascribed earlier to the [Phg2 - NH + He]+ and [Phg2 + He]+ cations, respectively, also supports our identification. A key feature, seen in the mass spectra shown in Fig. 1, is that the peaks evolve at different rates, which supports our hypothesis that S-phenylglycine appears in the system in two different associative forms.
We attribute the peaks with higher retention times to larger oligopeptides generated in the course of the sample aging. The results of the biuret test performed with S-, R-, and rac-phenylglycine [16] also indicate the presence of oligopeptides in aged samples.
In Fig. 3, we present chromatograms of a freshly prepared S-phenylglycine solution and one stored for a year. The aim of this comparison is to emphasize the differences at higher retention times, where the higher oligopeptides (which are not abundant enough to be seen in the nine-day sample) are likely to be found.
Figure 3, and the absence of long retention time peaks after nine days, demonstrate that the accumulation of higher oligopeptides is a relatively slow process that may take months to yield measurable amounts of these condensation products. In the insets of Fig. 3b, we examine the peaks corresponding to the three species with the highest retention times in more detail. The different shapes of the UV spectra at different wavelengths and the observed bathochromic shifts support our association of longer retention times with more monomer units in the oligopeptide.
One goal of this study is to establish if the condensation products, i.e., oligopeptides, in an S-phenylglycine solution arise in a monotonic or an oscillatory manner. To investigate this question, we monitored chromatographic peak heights in an aging sample, as registered at 275 nm. These peak heights are roughly proportional to the concentrations of the respective chemical species. In Fig. 4, we present the time courses of peaks 1-5, numbered as in Fig. 2.
Clearly, the peak heights change in a non-monotonic fashion. The linear correlation coefficients r for calibration curves determined from the peak heights for stable reference compounds using the same chromatographic conditions (HPLC-DAD system, chromatographic column and mobile phase composition) and at least ten data points always exceeded r ≥ 0.99. Moreover, the percent error on each individual peak height never surpassed ±5%. Thus, the trends of the peak height changes in Figs. 4a, b seem to confirm the oscillatory nature of the condensation process, though the limited time resolution precludes our establishing whether the reaction is truly periodic.
The height of peak 1 initially rises in an erratic manner. This growth may arise from hydrolysis of trace amounts of oligopeptide impurities present in the commercial sample and visible in the chromatogram in Fig. 2a. After ca. 110 h, the mean abundance of peak 1 starts to decrease in an oscillatory fashion, which can be ascribed to consumption of the starting amino acid through peptidization. This effect correlates with the time-dependent fall of the intensity of peak 1 seen in Figs 2a-c.
The mean intensity of peak 2 grows during the nine day observation period. Again, this behavior may result from hydrolysis of trace oligopeptide impurities or perhaps from interconversion of the two types of H-bonded phenylglycine dimers represented by peaks 1 and 2. Although the intensity of peak 2 increases during this intial nine-day period (see Figs 2a, b), after one year the intensity of peak 2 becomes almost negligible (see Fig. 2c). This eventual lowering of the intensity of peak 2 may correspond to the consumption of the phenylglycine through peptidization.
Peaks 3-5 can be attributed to oligopeptides initially present in our samples. During the nine days of our experiment, the general trend in the height of peaks 3 and 5 is oscillatory yet growing, while peak 4 is nonmonotonically diminishing. The long-term history of peaks 3-5 confirms a slow concentration growth of the respective oligopeptides (see Figs 2a-c).
The results presented in Fig. 4 support the oscillatory nature of S-phenylglycine peptidization. This oscillatory process can be schematically described by the following equations:
R-Phenylglycine and rac-Phenylglycine
We repeated our experimental protocol with samples of R-phenylglycine and rac-phenylglycine, recording mass spectra for freshly prepared solutions in 70% aqueous ethanol and for the analogous samples after a one year storage period. All spectra were recorded for the total samples, i.e., without preliminary separation and identification of any of the aging products by LC-MS. The results obtained are shown in Figs. 5 and 6.
As with the S- enantiomer, the mass spectrometric fingerprints of the freshly prepared and aged R- and rac-phenylglycine samples differ considerably. Again, both samples show peaks at m/z 289 and 301, which we attribute to two different dimeric forms of the starting material. Again, the relative intensities of these two signals change in the course of aging so that in the freshly prepared samples the peak at m/z 289 is lower than that of the heavier ion, while after one year the reverse proportion is observed.
The mass spectra of the aged R- and rac-phenylglycine samples (Figs. 5b and 6b) differ, however, in important ways from that of the aged S species (Fig. 1b). In the latter case, we find a much richer array of signals originating from heavier ions than in the mass spectrum of the freshly prepared sample (see Fig. 1b vs. 1a). In the first two cases, the spectrum of the aged solution contains fewer, better separated signals at m/z values above those attributed to the H-bonded dimers than in the starting solution. In the aged R-phenylglycine sample, for example, two such signals are perceptible at m/z 413 and 582 (Fig. 5b). The mass values suggest that all these signals might originate, e.g., from the fragmented tetrapeptide. The analogous signals found in the aged rac-phenylglycine sample appear at m/z 369, 413, and 542 (Fig. 6b) and hence an analogous conclusion as to a possible tetrapeptide origin can be drawn.
We also monitored the aging process with R-phenylglycine and rac-phenylglycine by means of HPLC-DAD using the same techniques we applied to S-phenylglycine. In qualitative terms, the behavior of all three sets of samples was very similar. Again, we observed the two peaks (1 and 2) at retention times (tR) of 5.2 and 5.4 min, respectively, which we ascribe to pure R- and rac-phenylglycine in the two different associative forms. However, more detailed scrutiny of the respective chromatograms reveals quantitative differences that point toward a different dynamics of aging, i.e., of peptidization, in each of the three samples. A comparison of the respective chromatograms is given in Fig. 7.
Figure 7a demonstrates that the intensities of peaks 1 and 2 differ among the three samples after seven days of aging. These intensities and their ratios are, respectively, 112 and 75 mAV (1.49:1), 97 and 54 mAV (1.80:1). and 81 and 29 mAV (2.79:1) for S-phenylglycine, R-phenylglycine, and rac-phenylglycine, respectively. We find that the lowest concentrations of species 1 and 2, and hence the highest peptidization rate, occur in the case of the racemic mixture. This observation is in good agreement with the results of biuret test [16] performed on three different phenylglycine samples after a storage period of a few days, which also pointed to rac-phenylglycine as the sample with the highest peptidization yields.
The chromatograms obtained after a one year storage period (Fig. 7b) present a somewhat different picture. The intensities of peaks 1 and 2 and their ratios with S-phenylglycine, R-phenylglycine, and rac-phenylglycine, respectively, are now 65 and 11 mAV (ratio 5.91), 155 and 50 mAV (3.10), and 169 and 19 mAV (8.63). Clearly, the long term dynamics differ from what was observed after seven days. To highlight the differences in the long term peptidization process with the three samples, in Fig. 8 we expand the chromatograms shown in Fig. 7b in the 6-12 min retention time range.
Figure 8 demonstrates that after one year higher molecular weight products, presumably oligopeptides, which cannot be detected during the short term storage period, appear. The peak numbering corresponds to that used in Fig. 2, but we now see the additional aging products numbered 6 to 9. Each one year old sample yields different amounts of the respective products, and in the aged R-phenylglycine sample peaks 4 and 5 are no longer visible.
Since a major focus of this study is on establishing whether the peptidization process is monotonic or oscillatory, we used the HPLC data to follow the concentrations of the various species originating from R-phenylglycine and rac-phenylglycine in time. The results for peak heights 1-5, which should be roughly proportional to the concentrations of the corresponding species are shown for R-phenylglycine and rac-phenylglycine in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. Although the long times between measurements make it difficult to obtain a characteristic frequency of oscillation, it is clear that the behavior is not monotonic.
Theoretical Models
We present here three models derived from existing schemes in the literature that capture the key features of the processes studied here: chiral conversion and condensation occurring in an oscillatory fashion.
Model 1
We wish to describe a chiral system in which association can occur. Suppose that enatiomeric monomers S and R can form dimers (S2, R2), trimers and higher oligomers (Si, Ri i = 4,...). Including all possible association and dissociation reactions generates a very complicated network, but it is possible to choose a subsystem that gives temporal oscillation. One such possibility (for an achiral system) has been proposed by Hyver [24], and we modify his scheme to include chirality.
Reaction (8) represents racemization, which is assumed to be first order and slow with respect to the other reactions. This scheme contains no autocatalytic steps. The system is open by virtue of the pool of higher oligomers (X), which dissociate to create lower oligomers. This pool of oligomers need not contain equal amounts of enantiomers, so the rate constants kr and ks can be different. To take into account the condensation of monomers, we add to Hyver's scheme the additional steps
where S2', R2' and RS denote condensates of enantiomers S and R. We assume that reactions involving condensates (9) are much slower than dissociations (3-7). As Fig. 11 shows, oscillations are easily obtained in such a model.
Model 2
In an alternative approach, the condensation step itself can be the source of nonlinearity. In the model shown below [25] formation of activated monomers S* and R* occurs autocatalytically (reaction 11).
This scheme is closed with respect to mass exchange, i.e., the total concentration of monomers c = [S] + [S*] + 2[S2] + 3[S3] + [R] + [R*] + 2[R2] + 3[R3] is constant.
The dimer and trimer concentrations in Fig. 12 oscillate with small amplitude. In such a system, it is likely that only oscillations in the monomer concentrations would be observable.
Model 3
In our final model, oscillations appear as result of coupling between enantiomers[15]. This model is especially appropriate for systems in which the condensate SR has different chemical properties than RS.
Oscillations appear in this scheme only if the rate constant for formation of heterodimers in steps (20) and (21) is greater than that for homodimers in step (18). The system is closed with respect to mass exchange: c = [R] + [S] + [R*] + [S*] + 2([R2] + [S2] + [RS] + [SR]) = const.
In the general case, RS and SR different chemically, so we have: k4 ≠ k5, k6 ≠ k7 ≠ k12 ≠ k13, k8 ≠ k9 ≠ k14 ≠ k15 and k10 ≠ k11. Damped oscillations in a closed system occur for a broad range of parameters. The dynamics contain a stationary state, which is a stable focus with a negative eigenvalue whose real part is small in magnitude. Such dynamical behavior leads to damped oscillations whose amplitude decreases slowly in time. Results of some simulations are shown in Fig. 13. Concentrations of activated forms of monomers S* and R* (not shown) are about 40 times smaller than concentrations of other species. Generally, activated forms can be detected only in situ because they exist only in the reacting mixture.